The Casino as a Civic Model: P2 catalogue, Dakota Bacchus

Westminster, the House of Commons, Palace of Westminster, London. 1:500.

Binion's, the casino floor of Binion's Horseshoe, Las Vegas. 1:300.

Axonometric from the south-west, 30 degrees down. Each city at its own scale. Tap or click a tag to open its catalogue item.

Fourteen systems

Westminster left, Binion's right, as in the booklet.

The three panels

Sources

Theory and method

Benedikt, Michael L. "To Take Hold of Space: Isovists and Isovist Fields." Environment and Planning B 6, no. 1 (1979): 47-65. https://doi.org/10.1068/b060047.
Browne, Simone. Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.
Cullen, Gordon. The Concise Townscape. London: Architectural Press, 1971. First published as Townscape, 1961.
Deutinger, Theo. Handbook of Tyranny. Zurich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2018.
Gunawan, Sarah. "Starting from ‘New Normal(s)’: Non-Normative Design Methodologies in Architecture Education." The Funambulist, no. 19, "The Space of Ableism" (September-October 2018). https://thefunambulist.net/magazine/space-of-ableism/starting-new-normals-non-normative-design-methodologies-architecture-education-sarah-gunawan.
Haraway, Donna. "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective." Feminist Studies 14, no. 3 (1988): 575-99.
kollektiv orangotango+, eds. This Is Not an Atlas: A Global Collection of Counter-Cartographies. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 2018.
LeCavalier, Jesse. The Rule of Logistics: Walmart and the Architecture of Fulfillment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016.
Markus, Thomas A. Buildings and Power: Freedom and Control in the Origin of Modern Building Types. London: Routledge, 1993.
Miessen, Markus. The Nightmare of Participation: Crossbench Praxis as a Mode of Criticality. Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2010.
Vossoughian, Nader. "From A4 Paper to the Octametric Brick: Ernst Neufert and the Geo-politics of Standardisation in Nazi Germany." Journal of Architecture 20, no. 4 (2015): 675-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2015.1072232.

01 Human scale and the catalogue

Friedman, Bill. Designing Casinos to Dominate the Competition: The Friedman International Standards of Casino Design. Reno: Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming, University of Nevada, Reno, 2000.
Goodsell, Charles T. The Social Meaning of Civic Space: Studying Political Authority through Architecture. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988.
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Administration Committee. Visitor Access and Facilities. First Report of Session 2012-13. HC 13. London: The Stationery Office, 2012. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmadmin/13/1302.htm.
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. "House of Commons Rebuilding." Parliamentary Debates, 5th ser., vol. 393 (October 28, 1943), cols. 403-73.
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. "House of Commons (Rebuilding)." Parliamentary Debates, 5th ser., vol. 407 (January 25, 1945), cols. 979-1105.
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. "Televising of Proceedings of the House." Parliamentary Debates, 6th ser., vol. 154 (June 12, 1989), cols. 607-60.
Hastings, Maurice. "The House of Commons." Architectural Review 108, no. 645 (September 1950): 161-76.
House of Commons Information Office. Divisions. Factsheet P9, Procedure Series. Revised August 2010. Accessed September 30, 2026. https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/p09.pdf.
Rissman, Homer. Binion's Horseshoe Hotel and Casino, additions and alterations, architectural drawings, July 15, 1968. Homer Rissman Architectural Records, 1947-2001, MS-00452. Special Collections and Archives, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
UK Parliament. "Divisions." Accessed September 30, 2026. https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/divisions/.
UK Parliament. "Mace (The)." Glossary. Accessed September 30, 2026. https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/mace/.
UK Parliament Heritage Collections. "WW2: Rebuilding the Commons Chamber." Accessed September 30, 2026. https://heritagecollections.parliament.uk/exhibits/rebuilding/.

02 Building scale

Base map, then the sources for the coded sites on the key.
OpenStreetMap contributors. OpenStreetMap. Dataset. Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL) 1.0. Data extracted September 28 to October 3, 2026. https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright.
Baxtel. "Colt House London." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://baxtel.com/data-center/colt-house-london.
Belderbos, Harriet. "The UK Government Has Announced Changes to the Machinery of Government." Open Access Government, July 24, 2026. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/the-uk-government-has-announced-changes-to-the-machinery-of-government/212453/.
Colo-X. "Verne London, Farringdon (Formerly Volta)." Last modified September 22, 2024. Accessed October 13, 2026. https://www.colo-x.com/data-centre/verne-london-farringdon-formerly-volta/.
CoStar News. "Meta to Quit London West End Headquarters." CoStar, January 9, 2024. https://www.costar.com/article/1705718207/meta-to-quit-london-west-end-headquarters.
Data Center Map. "Oliver's Yard (LHR18)." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://www.datacentermap.com/united-kingdom/london/olivers-yard.
Grosvenor Casinos. "Local Casino Finder." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://www.grosvenorcasinos.com/local-casinos/casino-finder.
Helical. "Helical Lets Kaleidoscope to TikTok." March 5, 2021. https://www.helical.co.uk/news/helical-lets-kaleidoscope-to-tiktok/.
Hollis, Richard. "Empire Casino: A Retrospective." Intergame, April 24, 2026. https://www.intergameonline.com/land-based-gaming/insights/empire-casino-operator-interview.
Khan, Shaan. "Horizons Casino Reopens in Leicester Square Following Major Refurbishment." Gambling Insider, June 25, 2025. https://www.gamblinginsider.com/news/29887/horizons-casino-reopens-in-leicester-square-following-major-refurbishment.
London Metal Exchange. "The Ring." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://www.lme.com/trading/trading-venues/the-ring.
Metropolitan Casinos. "The Sportsman Casino." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://www.metropolitancasinos.com/venues/london-marble-arch/.
Onstad, Eric. "LME Open-Outcry Trade Lives On as SocGen Quit Sparks No Rush for Exits." Reuters, August 29, 2024. Republished by MINING.COM. https://www.mining.com/web/lme-open-outcry-trade-lives-on-as-socgen-quit-sparks-no-rush-for-exits/.
Pressley, Alix. "Stellanor Completes Acquisition of Eight Data Centres from Redcentric." Intelligent CIO, May 13, 2026. https://www.intelligentcio.com/eu/2026/05/13/stellanor-completes-acquisition-of-eight-data-centres-from-redcentric/.
Royal Society. "Changes to Government Science Department." July 21, 2026. https://royalsociety.org/news/2026/07/changes-to-government-science-department/.
Stassen, Murray. "Hans Zimmer Acquires London's Iconic Maida Vale Studios from the BBC." Music Business Worldwide, August 15, 2023. https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/hans-zimmer-acquires-londons-iconic-maida-vale-studios-from-the-bbc/.
Wikipedia. "Department for Energy Security and Net Zero." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero.
Wikipedia. "Marylebone Town Hall." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Town_Hall.
Wikipedia. "Platform 37." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_37.

03 Network scale: map data

Natural Earth. Natural Earth: Free Vector and Raster Map Data at 1:10m, 1:50m, and 1:110m Scales. Dataset. Public domain. https://www.naturalearthdata.com.
OpenStreetMap contributors. Legislative buildings (government=legislative), City of London and London borough boundaries, via the Overpass API. Dataset. Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL) 1.0. Data extracted October 1 to 13, 2026. https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright.
PeeringDB. PeeringDB: The Interconnection Database. Facilities, internet exchanges and exchange facilities, via the PeeringDB API. Dataset. Data retrieved October 1, 2026. https://www.peeringdb.com.
Philpot, Ian. "Global Hashrate Heatmap Update: Q4 2026." Hashrate Index, October 5, 2026. https://hashrateindex.com/blog/global-hashrate-heatmap-update-q4-2026-c/.
TeleGeography. Submarine Cable Map. Cables, landing points, owners and years in service, via the Submarine Cable Map API. Dataset. Data retrieved October 1 and 14, 2026. https://www.submarinecablemap.com.
Wikidata. Legislatures, legislative buildings, capitals, and technology, media and telecom headquarters, via the Wikidata Query Service (SPARQL). Dataset. CC0. Data retrieved October 1, 2026. https://query.wikidata.org.
Wikipedia. "List of Major Stock Exchanges." Market capitalisation as of April and May 2026, citing the World Federation of Exchanges. Accessed October 14, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_stock_exchanges.

03 Network scale: callouts and timeline

Abrams, Zack. "Polymarket Blocks French Users amid Regulatory Scrutiny over $80 Million Trump Election Bet." The Block, November 22, 2024. https://www.theblock.co/post/327864/polymarket-blocks-french-users-amid-regulatory-scrutiny-over-80-million-trump-election-bet.
AFP. "IMF Agrees to Unlock $140 Million for El Salvador after Bitcoin Reforms." Tico Times, September 4, 2026. https://ticotimes.net/2026/09/04/imf-el-salvador-loan-bitcoin-reforms.
Akintola, Sumbo, and Timothy Ogele. "Supreme Court Landmark Ruling: Nullification of National Lottery Act 2005 and Implications for State-Level Gaming Regulation in Nigeria." Aluko & Oyebode, December 15, 2024. https://www.aluko-oyebode.com/insights/nigeria-lottery-act-supreme-court-ruling-2024/.
Aleman, Marcos, and Regina Garcia Cano. "What to Know about the El Salvador Mega-Prison Where Trump Sent Hundreds of Immigrants." PBS NewsHour, March 16, 2025. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/what-to-know-about-the-el-salvador-mega-prison-where-trump-sent-hundreds-of-immigrants.
Ballotpedia. "Las Vegas, Nevada CNN/Salem Republican Debate (December 15, 2015)." Accessed October 17, 2026. https://ballotpedia.org/Las_Vegas,_Nevada_CNN/Salem_Republican_debate_(December_15,_2015).
Butler, Ryan. "Ninth Circuit Rules Against Sports Event Contracts, Allowing Nevada to Enforce Laws." Covers, August 28, 2026. https://www.covers.com/industry/circuit-court-rules-against-prediction-market-sports-event-contracts-august-28-2026.
Capital Ethiopia. "Bitcoin Sector Revenues Expected to Double This Year." September 21, 2025. https://capitalethiopia.com/2025/09/21/bitcoin-sector-revenues-expected-to-double-this-year/.
Capital FM. "President Ruto Signs Finance Bill 2025 into Law." June 26, 2025. https://capitalfm.africa/president-ruto-signs-finance-bill-2025-into-law/.
Cecere, Alessandro, Gerson Martinez, and Kaan Farahani. "The State of Bitcoin Mining in Paraguay (2026)." Hashrate Index, May 4, 2026. https://hashrateindex.com/blog/the-state-of-bitcoin-mining-in-paraguay-2026-2/.
Central Banking. "CAR to Drop Crypto as Legal Tender." March 27, 2023. https://www.centralbanking.com/central-banks/currency/digital-currencies/7956294/car-to-drop-crypto-as-legal-tender.
CNBC. "NYSE-Owner Intercontinental Exchange Rises after It Takes $2 Billion Stake in Polymarket." October 7, 2025. https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/07/nyse-owner-intercontinental-exchange-2-billion-polymarket-stake.html.
CNBC. "William Hill Sportsbook Opens Inside Capital One Arena." May 26, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/26/william-hill-sportsbook-opens-inside-capital-one-arena-.html.
Di Salvo, Mat. "Argentine President Milei Exonerated in Libra Meme Coin Probe." Decrypt, June 9, 2025. https://decrypt.co/324201/argentine-president-milei-exonerated-libra-meme-coin-probe.
ElHachem, Johnny P. "Federal Appeals Court: CFTC Jurisdiction Over Sports Event Contracts Likely Exclusive." Holland & Knight, April 7, 2026. https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2026/04/federal-appeals-court-cftc-jurisdiction-over-sports-event-contracts.
Escalante, Luis. "Honduran Government Praises Repeal of the ZEDE Law as Investors Denounce ‘Lies’ and ‘Abuse.’" Contracorriente, September 28, 2024. https://contracorriente.red/en/2024/09/28/honduran-government-praises-repeal-of-the-zede-law-as-investors-denounce-lies-and-abuse/.
Hayward, Andrew, and Jason Nelson. "Argentina's President Javier Milei Launches Solana Meme Coin: LIBRA Crashes 89%." Decrypt, February 15, 2025. https://decrypt.co/306134/did-argentina-president-javier-milei-launch-solana-meme-coin.
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InfoMoney. "Beneficiários do Bolsa Família gastaram R$ 3 bi com bets em agosto, diz BC." September 24, 2024. https://www.infomoney.com.br/consumo/beneficiarios-do-bolsa-familia-gastaram-r-3-bi-com-bets-em-agosto-diz-bc/.
Intercontinental Exchange. "ICE Announces Strategic Investment in Polymarket." Press release, October 7, 2025. https://ir.theice.com/press/news-details/2025/ICE-Announces-Strategic-Investment-in-Polymarket/default.aspx.
Intergame. "Hippodrome's First Birthday." July 12, 2013. https://www.intergameonline.com/land-based-gaming/news/hippodromes-first-birthday.
International Monetary Fund. "IMF Reaches Staff-Level Agreement with El Salvador on an Extended Fund Facility Arrangement." Press release no. 24/485, December 18, 2024. https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2024/12/18/pr-24485-el-salvador-imf-reaches-staff-level-agreement-on-an-eff-arrangement.
Kleinrock, Leonard. "The First Message Transmission." ICANN, October 29, 2019. https://www.icann.org/news/blog/the-first-message-transmission.
Knight, Oliver. "Central African Republic Adopts Bitcoin as Legal Tender." CoinDesk, April 27, 2022. https://www.coindesk.com/business/2022/04/27/central-african-republic-adopts-bitcoin-as-legal-tender/.
Lee, Christian. "Kenya Slashes Betting Excise Duty to 5%." iGaming Expert, June 24, 2025. Updated January 2, 2026. https://igamingexpert.com/news/regulation/kenya-slashes-betting-excise-duty/.
McDonald, Michael P., Elizabeth Lan Davis, and Conor McDonough. "District Court Vacates CFTC Prohibition on Trading ‘Congressional Control Contracts’ Predicting Election Results." Davis Wright Tremaine, October 2, 2024. https://www.dwt.com/blogs/financial-services-law-advisor/2024/10/cftc-election-trading-event-contracts-ban-in-court.
Nevada Gaming Control Board. "Nevada Gaming Commission and the Nevada Gaming Control Board." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://gaming.nv.gov.
Revista EyN. "Próspera ZEDE redujo 85 % el monto reclamado en arbitraje contra Honduras." October 23, 2025. https://www.revistaeyn.com/empresasymanagement/prosperazede-redujo-85-el-monto-reclamado-en-arbitraje-contra-honduras-IK27873597.
Shah, Pratik A., Donald R. Pongrace, James E. Tysse, and Lide E. Paterno. "Supreme Court Strikes Down Federal Ban on Sports Betting." Akin Gump, May 17, 2018. https://www.akingump.com/en/insights/alerts/supreme-court-strikes-down-federal-ban-on-sports-betting.
Shen, Timmy. "Kenya Court Rules against Sam Altman's World, Orders Data Deletion and Halts Biometrics Collection." The Block, May 6, 2025. https://www.theblock.co/news/regulation/2025-05-06-kenya-court-rules-against-sam-altmans-world-orders-data-deletion-and-halts-biometrics-collection-353182.
Sidman, Jessica. "Polymarket Is Opening a Pop-Up Bar at DC's Proper 21." Washingtonian, March 19, 2026. https://washingtonian.com/2026/03/19/polymarket-is-opening-a-pop-up-bar-at-dcs-proper-21/.
UK Gambling Commission. "Gambling Commission Charges 15 with General Election Betting Offences." April 14, 2025. https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/news/article/gambling-commission-charges-15-with-general-election-betting-offences.
Underwood, Will. "NIGC: US Tribal Revenue Hits $43.9bn for Fiscal Year 2024." Gambling Insider, July 31, 2025. https://www.gamblinginsider.com/news/30561/nigc-us-tribal-revenue-hits-43-9bn-for-fiscal-year-2024.
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Wikipedia. "Gambling in Macau." Accessed October 14, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_Macau.
Wikipedia. "Gambling Supervision Commission." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_Supervision_Commission.
Wikipedia. "Indian Gaming Regulatory Act." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Gaming_Regulatory_Act.
Wikipedia. "Kahnawake Gaming Commission." Accessed October 14, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahnawake_Gaming_Commission.
Wikipedia. "Kalshi." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalshi.
Wikipedia. "Malta Gaming Authority." Accessed October 14, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Gaming_Authority.
Wikipedia. "Monte Carlo Casino." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Casino.
Wikipedia. "Online Gambling." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gambling.
Wikipedia. "Sun City (South Africa)." Accessed October 13, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_City_(South_Africa).
Wikipedia. "Terrorism Confinement Center." Accessed October 9, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Confinement_Center.

Model

No outside source. The chamber is built from the Commons sources under 01 (Hastings 1950; Hansard 1943 and 1945); the Ames room set-up and the casino skin are the author's own Rhino model.

Chicago style. Each source is listed once, under the drawing that uses it most.